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Professor Michael Bukrinsky | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-morbidities: How Lipid Homeostasis Alterations Lead to Cardiovascular and Neurological Disorders

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SciPod · How Lipid Homeostasis Alterations Lead to Cardiovascular and Neurological Disorders

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Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still prevalent worldwide, life-saving antiretroviral drugs can now prevent an infection from progressing into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nevertheless, people who are HIV-positive are still at increased risk of developing neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases, known as co-morbidities. Professor Michael Bukrinsky from the George Washington University in Washington DC works to understand the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to these disorders. His research has produced interesting results that demonstrate the role of altered lipid (cholesterol) homeostasis in HIV-infected cells and how this comes to pass.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA836

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Dr Doug Brugge | The Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health Studies: Minimising Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution

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SciPod · Dr Doug Brugge | Minimising Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution

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People who live close to busy roads and highways are exposed to high levels of traffic-related air pollution. This puts them at risk of significant health difficulties such as high blood pressure, heart attacks and cancer. The Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health Studies led by Dr Doug Brugge from the University of Connecticut represent community-engaged research into the biological impact of high exposure to pollution and importantly, possible solutions to this. This work has shown that high-efficiency particulate arrestance filters are one promising intervention for minimising exposure to pollution and thus improving health.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA837

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Professor Valerii Vinokur – Professor Anna Razumnaya – Professor Igor Lukyanchuk | Reinventing the Capacitor

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Modern microelectronics is currently facing a profound challenge. The demand for even smaller and more closely packed electronics has hit a stumbling block: the power emitted in these devices releases more heat than can be efficiently removed. Now, the Terra Quantum team proposes a solution based on the seemingly counterintuitive phenomenon of ‘negative capacitance’.

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Dr Alexandra (Sasha) Pavlova – Professor Paul Sunnucks | Genetic Rescue Saves Species from Extinction

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When a species’ habitat shrinks, its populations decline. Individuals that persist in remaining islands of habitat have no choice but to breed with their relatives, reducing the health and fertility of their offspring. Researchers at Monash University seek to increase genetic diversity in small populations, helping them rebound. They have established ‘genetic rescue’ methods to save many endangered species from extinction, collaborating with wildlife agencies to test solutions.

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Professor Eckehard Schöll | Moritz Gerster – Rewiring the Brain: How a Small-world Network Structure Mimics Spontaneous Synchronisation in Epileptic Seizures

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SciPod · How a Small-world Network Structure Mimics Spontaneous Synchronisation in Epileptic Seizures

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Epilepsy is a chronic, long-term disease in which abnormal activity in the brain leads to repeated seizures, and it affects nearly 70 million people worldwide. The exact mechanisms behind epileptic seizures are still poorly understood. However, we do know that epilepsy can be caused by changes in the network structure of our brains and that seizures may be a result of spontaneous excessive brain synchronisation. Professor Eckehard Schöll and his Master student Moritz Gerster together with colleagues are using computer simulations to better understand the interplay of network structure and network synchronisation in epilepsy.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘FitzHugh–Nagumo oscillators on complex networks mimic epileptic-seizure-related synchronization phenomena’, by Moritz Gerster, Rico Berner, Jakub Sawicki, Anna Zakharova, Antonín Škoch, Jaroslav Hlinka, Klaus Lehnertz and Eckehard Schöll, published in Chaos 30, 123130 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021420.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Dr Alejandro Estrada and Dr Paul A. Garber | The Importance of Indigenous Peoples in Safeguarding Earth’s Primates

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SciPod · Dr Alejandro Estrada | The Importance of Indigenous Peoples in Safeguarding Earth’s Primates

About this episode

Non-human primates play crucial roles in sustaining natural ecosystems worldwide. However, approximately 68% of primate species are now at risk of extinction, mainly due to agriculture and the depletion of natural resources. Dr Alejandro Estrada at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dr Paul A. Garber at the University of Illinois-Urbana, and a group of scientists from various parts of the world recently carried out a study to better understand the role that Indigenous Peoples play in the conservation of threatened primates.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘Global importance of indigenous peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world’s primates from extinction’ in Science Advances, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2927

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Dr Evelyn Cooper | Dr Candice Duncan – Improving Agriculture and Geoscience through Educational Initiatives

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SciPod · Improving Agriculture and Geoscience through Educational Initiatives

About this episode

Addressing the skills shortage within scientific sectors requires a targeted approach for attracting and retaining students in STEM education. Summer Opportunities in Agricultural Research and the Environment (SOARE), SOARE: Strategic Work in Applied Geosciences (SWAG) and AgDiscovery, three innovative programs at the University of Maryland, provide a gateway for continued education, particularly for students who are traditionally under-represented in scientific fields. Implemented by Dr Evelyn Cooper, the success of the AgDiscovery and SOARE programs at the university has led to the inception of the new SOARE:SWAG program. Co-directed by Dr Candice Duncan, SOARE:SWAG focuses on students within geoscience disciplines.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA824

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2

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Do European Citizens Accept EU and National Policies Equally?

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Following the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008, a related economic emergency known as the Euro Crisis spread throughout Europe. To counter this crisis, the EU imposed a series of austerity measures in the worst-hit countries, which fuelled outrage across Europe. However, it is unclear whether citizens were more outraged about these policies because they had been implemented by EU institutions rather than national governments. Professor Sonia Alonso and Professor Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca recently set out to understand whether the willingness of citizens to accept unpopular policies varies depending on whether they were introduced by their national governments or by EU institutions.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘EU intervention vs. national autonomy: do citizens really care?’ in European Politics and Society. doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1865061

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Original Article

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Dr Francesca Ronchi | How Gut Bacteria Influences Brain Health

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SciPod · Dr Francesca Ronchi | How Gut Bacteria Influences Brain Health

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Our intestines contain millions of bacteria, known as our microbiota, which secrete compounds and play a key role in keeping us healthy. These bacteria don’t just affect the health of our digestive system, they can influence organs as far away as the brain. Dr Francesca Ronchi at Charité Universitätsmedizin in Berlin is determining the role of the microbiota in the prevention and development of neurological disorders.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the papers ‘The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology’, from Frontiers in Immunology, DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179, and ‘Experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells requires pertussis toxin-driven IL-1b production by myeloid cells’, from Nature Communications, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11541

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1

ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2

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Dr Andrea Binsfeld | Exploring Narratives of Slavery in Ancient Novels and Political Texts

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SciPod · Dr Andrea Binsfeld | Exploring Narratives of Slavery in Ancient Novels and Political Texts

About this episode

The perspectives and characteristics of specific historical periods are often reflected in the literary texts produced and circulated at the time. Dr Andrea Binsfeld, an Associate Professor at University of Luxembourg, has conducted several studies examining narratives of slavery in ancient texts, including novels and political discourses. Her analyses outline, from a different perspective, the deep impact that the institution of slavery had in Greek and Roman societies.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the papers ‘Slavery and its narratives in ancient novels – stories of decline and fall’; and ‘Domynus and Tyrannos? Narratives of slavery in the political discourse of late antiquity’, Joseph C. Miller Memorial Lecture Series, 2021.

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Dr Candice M. Duncan – Dr Evelyn E. Cooper | Improving Agriculture and Geoscience through Educational Initiatives

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The College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Maryland College Park provides exciting student experiences through three innovative programs: AgDiscovery, Summer Opportunities in Agricultural Research and the Environment (SOARE), and SOARE: Strategic Work in Applied Geosciences (SOARE:SWAG). These educational initiatives aim to build a stronger scientific workforce by inspiring young people from underserved communities to pursue science careers.

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Dr Lars Oddsson | The walk2Wellness Trial: Measuring the Impact of a Wearable Sensory Prosthesis on People with Peripheral Neuropathy

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SciPod · Measuring the Impact of a Wearable Sensory Prosthesis on People with Peripheral Neuropathy

About this episode

Dr Lars Oddsson, CTO of RxFunction and Adjunct Professor at the University of Minnesota is co-inventor of a wearable device called Walkasins® to help improve balance and reduce the risk of falls in people with sensory peripheral neuropathy. The walk2Wellness trial incorporated five clinical sites where they demonstrated that by replacing sensory stimulation for balance, this prosthetic device can have a positive impact on clinical mobility outcomes and quality of life for those who have suffered nerve damage causing loss of sensation in their feet.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘The Effects of a Wearable Sensory Prosthesis on Gait and Balance Function After 10 Weeks of Use in Persons With Peripheral Neuropathy and High Fall Risk – The walk2Wellness Trial’, from Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.592751.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Professor Inge Helland | Reconstructing Parts of Quantum Theory from Two Conceptual Variables

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SciPod · Professor Inge Helland | Reconstructing Parts of Quantum Theory from Two Conceptual Variables

About this episode

The Hilbert space formulation is a central idea in quantum theory, but the ideas used by physicists to interpret the formulation widely differ. Furthermore, concepts in quantum mechanics are very abstract to those outside the field. Professor Inge Helland from the University of Oslo approaches these problems through what he calls ‘conceptual variables’, which belong to the minds of one or more conscious observers. From this basis, he achieves a new derivation of the Hilbert space formulation, which he hopes will lead to more satisfying studies of the foundations of quantum theory.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘On reconstructing parts of quantum theory from two related maximal conceptual variables’, from International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 61, 69 (2022), doi.org/10.1007/s10773-022-05047-4

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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John H Cayley | Grammalepsy: The Art of Language as Culture Goes Digital

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About this episode

Technology has opened up new possibilities in the world of literature, by enabling the dissemination of artistic texts through digital media, and even by creating language-based art. John Cayley, Professor of Literary Arts at Brown University, was a pioneer of language-based digital art. Since the beginning of personal computing, he has been experimenting with the use of computer programs and algorithms to create poetry.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the chapter ‘At the End of Literature’, from the book Grammalepsy: Essays on Digital Language Art. https://doi.org/10.7273/hk5k-2350

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Original Article

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Dr Timothy Carroll | Dr Nicholas Lackenby | Ms Jenia Gorbanenko – Orthodox Christian Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

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SciPod · Orthodox Christian Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

About this episode

Orthodox Christians often use tactile gestures during acts of religious devotion. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, such gestures had the potential to increase the spread of the virus. Dr Timothy Carroll, Dr Nicholas Lackenby and Ms Jenia Gorbanenko at University College London undertook an ethnographic study focused on how Orthodox Christian communities responded to public health advice that conflicted with their long-standing sacred practices.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘Apophatic love, contagion, and surveillance: Orthodox Christian responses to the global pandemic’, from Anthropology and Medicine. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2022.2080180

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Associate Professor Glen Searle | Exploring How Sydney’s Population Growth Impacts Its Governance

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In recent decades, the population of urban areas worldwide has been growing exponentially. This includes Sydney, where 5 million inhabitants currently reside. Associate Professor Glen Searle at the University of Sydney recently explored how Sydney’s population growth is encouraged by national and state governments, and how it also drives important government decisions.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘Population growth and development: an outcome of Sydney’s metropolitan governance’, in the Australian Planner. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2020.1739095

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Original Article

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Shane Urban | The Critical Intervention Screen: Improving Safety in the Transport of Trauma Patients

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SciPod · Shane Urban | The Critical Intervention Screen: Improving Safety in the Transport of Trauma Patients

About this episode

Lights and sirens on ambulances are used in emergencies to accelerate the transport of critical patients to hospital but unfortunately, can increase the risk of motor vehicle collisions. Emergency medical service personnel are those most commonly injured during these collisions and the general public account for the majority of fatalities. Shane Urban at UC Health University of Colorado Hospital, USA, set out to develop a novel, prehospital triage tool that can determine when best to use lights and sirens during the transport of trauma patients.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘The Critical Intervention Screen: A Novel Tool To Determine The Use Of Lights And Sirens During The Transport of Trauma Patients’, from Prehospital Emergency Care. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2021.1961040

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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David Kuria Mbote | Improving Religious Leaders’ Attitudes Towards LGBTQAI+ People in Kenya

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SciPod · David Kuria Mbote | Improving Religious Leaders’ Attitudes Towards LGBTQAI+ People in Kenya

About this episode

In many African countries, attitudes towards gender and sexual minorities are overwhelmingly negative. This could be partly due to religious norms and beliefs. However, empirical studies examining how religious leaders in Africa view such minority groups are still scarce. David Kuria Mbote of the Kuria Foundation for Social Enterprise and researchers from Saint Paul’s University in Kenya and institutes in the U.S. have been conducting research aimed at better understanding the attitudes of religious leaders in Kenya towards gay men, lesbian women, transgender people, and other marginalised groups.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the papers ‘Religious Fundamentalism and Attitudes towards Sexual and Gender Minorities and Other Marginalized Groups among Religious Leaders in Kenya’, in Pastoral Psychology, 2021, and ‘Facing Our Fears: The Impact of a 4-Day Training Intervention to Reduce Negative Perspectives on Sexual and Gender Minorities among Religious Leaders in Kenya’, in the Journal of Sex Research, 2021.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1

ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2

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Dr Mikail Abbasov | Discovering Unmapped Molecular Targets for Novel Covalent Drugs

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Covalent drugs are molecules that irreversibly bind to specific, targeted sites in the body. They work to inhibit the disease-causing functions of certain proteins by preventing them from interacting with other substances. One well-known example is the antibiotic, Penicillin.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA779

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Original Article

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Dr Diane Barber | Dysregulated Intracellular pH can Enable Different Diseases

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SciPod · Dr Diane Barber | Dysregulated Intracellular pH can Enable Different Diseases

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The pH inside our cells is constantly changing, but also carefully controlled within certain limits. Dynamic intracellular pH (pHi) is essential for normal cell behaviours, but when it becomes dysregulated, it can enable an array of diseases from cancer to Alzheimer’s. Dr Diane Barber from the University of California San Francisco has carried out extensive research into how normal pHi dynamics regulate cell behaviours and the impact that dysregulated pHi can have in different diseases.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA828

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Original Article

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Dr Beate Aurich | Identifying, Understanding and Managing Treatment-related Risks of Medicines Prescribed to Children

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SciPod · Identifying, Understanding and Managing Treatment-related Risks of Medicines Prescribed to Children

About this episode

The relatively new field of paediatric pharmacovigilance aims to improve the clinical care of children by understanding and appropriately managing the risks of medicines administered to this group of patients. Dr Beate Aurich is an established expert in this field, and with colleagues, has published an article on the practical aspects of paediatric pharmacovigilance. She notes that the assessment of the benefit-risk balance of available treatment options should be based on multidisciplinary efforts and include both children and their families.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA830

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Original Article

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Dr Rogier Hopstaken | A Simple Point-of-care Test to Help Combat Antibiotic Resistance

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SciPod · Dr Rogier Hopstaken | A Simple Point-of-care Test to Help Combat Antibiotic Resistance

About this episode

As the strains of bacteria that are not killed by antibiotics proliferate, increasing numbers of people are at risk of severe illness and even death. Dr Rogier Hopstaken from Star-shl Diagnostic Centres in the Netherlands has shown that a simple, yet effective technique may be the answer to antibiotic over-prescription. A C-reactive protein test at primary points of care can indicate whether a patient with a respiratory tract infection has a severe (bacterial) infection and thus, whether antibiotics are required. This test may be our best tool yet to help combat antibiotic resistance in primary care.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of https://doi.org/10.33548/SCIENTIA829

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Dr Susan Vanderplas | Investigating the Reliability of Firearm Examinations

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SciPod · Dr Susan Vanderplas | Investigating the Reliability of Firearm Examinations

About this episode

In 2009, the US National Research Council Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community published a report highlighting the need to estimate the validity of expert opinions in forensic disciplines. These include the opinions of firearm examiners, who are trained to identify firearms and other weapon-related evidence during criminal investigations. Dr Susan Vanderplas at the University of Nebraska Lincoln has recently introduced a new unifying approach for accurately calculating the error associated with firearm analyses. Her method could be applied in forensic laboratories worldwide, to improve the reliability of forensic evidence in criminal investigations.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘Treatment of inconclusives in the AFTE range of conclusions’, Law, Probability and Risk, 2020, 19, 317–364. doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgab002

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Professor Johann Walter | Is Market Neutrality Hindering the Sustainability of Eurozone Monetary Policies?

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Professor Johann Walter of Westphalian University in Germany has carried out extensive research exploring the ways in which the Eurozone could become more sustainable. He argues that market neutrality should not be a key focus of the European Central Bank’s monetary policies.

Original Article Reference

of the paper ‘Green monetary policy: Climate protection versus market neutrality’ in the Journal for Economic Policy. doi.org/10.1007/s10273-021-3058-3

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Dr Jekan Thangavelautham | Spacecraft for Exploring Extreme Environments in the Solar System

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From the hottest deserts to the deepest oceans, life on Earth has evolved to thrive in many harsh environments. Given these capabilities, some scientists are exploring the possibility for life to emerge in extreme environments found throughout the solar system.

Original Article Reference

This is a summary of ‘Mobility, Power and Thermal Control of Spherex for Planetary Exploration’, in AAS Guidance and Control Conference 2020, and ‘A cubesat centrifuge for long duration milligravity research’, in npj Microgravity.

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Dr Panicos Shangaris | Optimising the Prenatal Treatment of Inherited Diseases

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About this episode

Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder affecting the blood. Recently, promising new treatment strategies have emerged involving gene editing therapies and the administration of stem cells directly into the developing foetus in the womb. Along with his colleagues, Dr Panicos Shangaris at Kings College London, has conducted a comprehensive review of the available evidence to support this novel approach.

Original Article Reference

This SciPod is a summary of the paper ‘In utero Therapy for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease: Taking Advantage of the Fetal Immune System’, from Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. DOI: https://doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624477

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